What Pope Was a Major Patron of the Arts
| Pope Sixtus IV | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
 Portrait of Sixtus IV by van Gent and Berruguete, c. 1474 – 76 (oil on panel, 116 × 56.4 cm, Louvre) | |
| Church | Cosmic Church |
| Papacy began | 9 Baronial 1471 |
| Papacy ended | 12 August 1484 |
| Predecessor | Paul II |
| Successor | Innocent 8 |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 25 Baronial 1471 by Guillaume d'Estouteville |
| Created cardinal | eighteen September 1467 by Paul II |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francesco della Rovere 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure, Republic of Genoa |
| Died | 12 August 1484(1484-08-12) (aged 70) Rome, Papal States |
| Previous post(due south) |
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| Other popes named Sixtus | |
| Papal styles of Pope Sixtus Four | |
|---|---|
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| Reference mode | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous fashion | None |
| Ordination history of | |||||||||||||||
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Pope Sixtus IV (Italian: Sisto IV: 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was caput of the Cosmic Church and ruler of the Papal States from ix August 1471 to his decease. His accomplishments as pope included the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the cosmos of the Vatican Archives. A patron of the arts, he brought together the group of artists who ushered the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city's new artistic age.
Sixtus founded the Spanish Inquisition through the bull Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus (1478), and he annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance. He was noted for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi conspiracy.[1]
Early on life [edit]
Francesco was born to a family unit of modest ways from Liguria, Italy, the son of Leonardo della Rovere and Luchina Monleoni. He was built-in in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona.[2]
Equally a immature man, Della Rovere joined the Franciscan Order, an unlikely choice for a political career, and his intellectual qualities were revealed while he was studying philosophy and theology at the Academy of Pavia. He went on to lecture at Padua and many other Italian universities.[3]
In 1464, Della Rovere was elected Minister General of the Franciscan lodge at the age of 50. In 1467, he was appointed Key past Pope Paul Two with the titular church beingness the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli.
Before his papal election, Primal della Rovere was renowned for his unworldliness and had written learned treatises, including On the Blood of Christ and On the Power of God.[4]
His reputation for piety was one of the deciding factors that prompted the Higher of Cardinals to elect him Pope upon the unexpected decease of Paul Ii at the age of fifty-iv.[5]
Papacy [edit]
Upon being elected Pope, Della Rovere adopted the proper name Sixtus, which had not been used since the 5th century. I of his first acts was to declare a renewed crusade against the Ottoman Turks in Smyrna. Nevertheless, after the conquest of Smyrna, the armada disbanded.[six] Some fruitless attempts were made towards unification with the Greek Church. For the remainder of his pontificate, Sixtus turned to temporal issues and dynastic considerations.
Nepotism [edit]
Pope Sixtus 4 appoints Platina every bit Prefect of the Library, past Melozzo da Forlì, accompanied by his relatives
Sixtus IV sought to strengthen his position past surrounding himself with relatives and friends. In the fresco past Melozzo da Forlì, he is accompanied by his Della Rovere and Riario nephews, not all of whom were made cardinals; the protonotary churchly Pietro Riario (on his correct), the future Pope Julius Two/ Giuliano Della Rovere continuing earlier him; and Girolamo Riario and Giovanni della Rovere, behind the kneeling Platina, writer of the first humanist history of the popes.[7]
His nephew, Pietro Riario, also benefited from his nepotism. Pietro became one of the richest men in Rome and was entrusted with Pope Sixtus' foreign policy. However, Pietro died prematurely in 1474, and his role passed to Giuliano Della Rovere.[ citation needed ]
The secular fortunes of the Della Rovere family began when Sixtus invested his nephew Giovanni with the lordship of Senigallia and bundled his wedlock to the daughter of Federico Iii da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino; from that union came a line of Della Rovere dukes of Urbino that lasted until the line expired, in 1631.[8] Vi of the xxx-iv cardinals that he created were his nephews.[9]
In his territorial aggrandizement of the Papal States, his niece's son, Primal Raffaele Riario (for whom the Palazzo della Cancelleria was synthetic)[ citation needed ] was suspected of colluding in the failed Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 to assassinate both Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano and supplant them in Florence with Sixtus IV's other nephew, Girolamo Riario. Francesco Salviati, Archbishop of Pisa and a main organizer of the plot, was hanged on the walls of the Florentine Palazzo della Signoria. Sixtus IV replied with an interdict and ii years of war with Florence.[ commendation needed ]
Co-ordinate to the later published chronicle of the Italian historian Stefano Infessura, Diary of the City of Rome, Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites", awarding benefices and bishoprics in render for sexual favours and nominating a number of immature men as cardinals, some of whom were historic for their good looks.[x] [xi] [12]
However, Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna and so is not considered to exist e'er reliable or impartial.[13] The English language churchman and Protestant polemicist John Bale, writing a century later, attributed to Sixtus "the authorisation to practise sodomy during periods of warm weather" to the "Central of Santa Lucia".[14] This prompted the noted historian of the Catholic Church, Ludwig von Pastor, to result a business firm rebuttal.[fifteen]
Strange policy [edit]
Sixtus continued a dispute with Rex Louis XI of France, who upheld the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438), which held that papal decrees needed majestic assent before they could exist promulgated in France.[3] That was a cornerstone of the privileges claimed for the Gallican Church building and could never be shifted as long every bit Louis Eleven manoeuvred to replace King Ferdinand I of Naples with a French prince. Louis was thus in conflict with the papacy, and Sixtus could not permit information technology.
On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the papal balderdash Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus through which the Castilian Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile.[16] Sixtus consented under political pressure level from Ferdinand of Aragon,[16] who threatened to withhold war machine back up from his kingdom of Sicily. However, Sixtus 4 quarrelled over protocol and prerogatives of jurisdiction; he was unhappy with the excesses of the Inquisition and condemned the most flagrant abuses in 1482.[17]
As a temporal prince who constructed stout fortresses in the Papal States, he encouraged the Venetians to attack Ferrara, which he wished to obtain for another nephew. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, was allied with the Sforzas of Milan, the Medicis of Florence along with the Rex of Naples, normally a hereditary marry and champion of the papacy. The angered Italian princes allied to strength Sixtus IV to make peace to his great badgerer.[3]
For refusing to desist from the very hostilities that he himself had instigated and for being a dangerous rival to Della Rovere dynastic ambitions in the Marche, Sixtus placed Venice under interdict in 1483. He also lined the coffers of the state by unscrupulously selling high offices and privileges.[six]
In ecclesiastical affairs, Sixtus promoted the dogma of the Immaculate Formulation, which had been confirmed at the Quango of Basle in 1439,[6] and he designated viii December as its feastday. In 1476, he issued the apostolic constitution Cum Praeexcelsa, establishing a Mass and Office for the feast. He formally annulled the decrees of the Quango of Constance in 1478.[ citation needed ]
Slavery [edit]
The two papal bulls issued by Pope Nicholas 5, Dum Diversas of 1452 and Romanus Pontifex of 1455, had effectively given the Portuguese the rights to learn slaves along the African Coast by force or trade. Those concessions were confirmed by Sixtus in his ain bull, Aeterni regis, of 21 June 1481.[18]
Arguably the "ideology of conquest" expounded in those texts became the means by which commerce and conversion were facilitated.[19]
In Nov 1476, Isabel and Fernando ordered an investigation into rights of conquest in the Canary Islands, and in the bound of 1478, they sent Juan Rejon with sixty soldiers and thirty cavalry to the 1000 Canary, where the natives retreated inland.[ citation needed ]
Sixtus's before threats to excommunicate all captains or pirates who enslaved Christians in the balderdash Regimini Gregis of 1476 could have been intended to emphasise the need to convert the natives of the Canary Islands and Guinea and constitute a clear divergence in status between those who had converted and those who resisted.[20] The ecclesiastical penalties were directed towards those who were enslaving the recent converts.[21]
Princely patronage [edit]
Equally a civic patron in Rome, even the anti-papal chronicler Stefano Infessura agreed that Sixtus should be admired. The dedicatory inscription in the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in the Vatican Palace records: "You gave your metropolis temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Acqua Vergine as far as the Trevi..."
In addition to restoring the channel that provided Rome an alternative to the river water, which had made the urban center famously unhealthy, he restored or rebuilt over thirty of Rome's dilapidated churches such equally San Vitale (1475) and Santa Maria del Popolo, and he added seven new ones. The Sistine Chapel was sponsored by Sixtus Iv, equally was the Ponte Sisto,[7] the Sistine Bridge (the showtime new span across the Tiber since Antiquity) and the building of Via Sistina (later named Borgo Sant'Angelo), a road leading from Castel Sant'Angelo to Saint Peter.[ citation needed ]
All of that was done to facilitate the integration of the Vatican Hill and Borgo with the centre of Onetime Rome. That was part of a broader scheme of urbanization carried out nether Sixtus 4, who swept the long-established markets from the Campidoglio in 1477 and decreed in a bull of 1480 the widening of streets and the first post-Roman paving, the removal of porticoes and other postal service-classical impediments to free public passage.[ citation needed ]
At the offset of his papacy, in 1471, Sixtus had donated several historically important Roman sculptures that founded a papal collection of fine art, which would eventually develop into the collections of the Capitoline Museums. He also refounded, enriched and enlarged the Vatican Library.[7] He had Regiomontanus effort the first sanctioned reorganisation of the Julian calendar and increased the size and prestige of the papal chapel choir, bringing singers and some prominent composers (Gaspar van Weerbeke, Marbrianus de Orto and Bertrandus Vaqueras) to Rome from the due north.[ citation needed ]
In addition to being a patron of the arts, Sixtus was a patron of the sciences. Before he became pope, he had spent time at the very liberal and cosmopolitan Academy of Padua, which maintained considerable independence from the Church building and had a very international character.[ citation needed ]
As Pope, he issued a papal bull assuasive local bishops to give the bodies of executed criminals and unidentified corpses to physicians and artists for autopsy. It was that admission to corpses which allowed the anatomist Vesalius, along with Titian'due south educatee January Stephen van Calcar, to complete the revolutionary medical/anatomical text De humani corporis fabrica.[ citation needed ]
Other activities [edit]
Consistories [edit]
The Pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories held during his reign, amongst them 3 nephews, one grandnephew and i other relative, thus standing the practice of nepotism that he and his successors would engage in during this menstruation.
Canonizations and beatifications [edit]
Sixtus IV named seven new saints, with the well-nigh notable beingness Bonaventure (1482); he too beatified one person, John Buoni (1483).
Uppsala University [edit]
In 1477, Sixtus Iv issued a papal bull authorizing the creation of Uppsala University – the first university in Sweden and in the whole of Scandinavia. The choice of this location for the academy derived from the fact that the archbishopric of Uppsala had been one of the near of import sees in Sweden proper since Christianity first spread to this region in the ninth century, every bit well equally Uppsala being long-standing hub for regional trade. Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, established a number of provisions. Among the near important of these was that the academy was officially given the aforementioned freedoms and privileges as the Academy of Bologna. This included the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, police (Catechism Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master'south, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. The archbishop of Uppsala was also named as the university's Chancellor, and was charged with maintaining the rights and privileges of the university and its members.[22] This human action of Sixtus 4 had a profound long-term consequence on the lodge and civilisation of Sweden, an effect which continues upwards to the present.
Death [edit]
Sixtus Iv became ill on eight August 1484; this affliction worsened on 10 August while the pope was attending an event in Rome. He felt unwell that evening and was forced to cancel a meeting he was to hold with his cardinals the post-obit morning. The Pope grew weaker during the night of 11 Baronial and he was unable to slumber. Sixtus IV died the following evening – 12 August.[23]
The envoy of the Medici family summed up Sixtus' reign in the announcement to his master, "Today at 5 o'clock His Holiness Sixtus IV departed this life – may God forgive him!".[24]
Pope Sixtus'due south tomb was destroyed in the Sack of Rome in 1527. Today, his remains, along with the remains of his nephew Pope Julius 2 (Giuliano della Rovere), are interred in St. Peter's Basilica, in the floor in front end of the monument to Pope Clement X. A marble tombstone marks the site.
His bronze funerary monument, now in the basement Treasury of St. Peter'due south Basilica, made like a giant casket of goldsmith'southward work, is past Antonio del Pollaiuolo. The meridian of the casket is a lifelike depiction of the Pope lying in land. Effectually the sides are bas-relief panels depicting allegorical female person figures representing Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetics, Geometry, Music, Painting, Astronomy, Philosophy and Theology – the classical liberal arts, with the addition of painting and theology. Each figure incorporates the oak tree ("rovere" in Italian), symbol of Sixtus 4. The overall programme of the panels, their beauty, complex symbolism, classical references and their relative arrangement are compelling and comprehensive illustrations of the Renaissance worldview. None of them really states how he died.
Cardinals [edit]
Sixtus created an unusually large number of cardinals during his pontificate (23) who were fatigued from the roster of the princely houses of Italy, France and Spain, thus ensuring that many of his policies continued after his death:
Portrayals [edit]
Pope Sixtus is portrayed past Arthur Grosser in the short motion picture Assassin'due south Creed: Lineage, a prequel to the video game Assassin'south Creed II.
Pope Sixtus is portrayed by James Faulkner in the historical fantasy Da Vinci'south Demons every bit having an identical twin, Alessandro. Soon after the true Pope Sixtus, Francesco, was elected on conclave, Alessandro usurped the holy see and had his blood brother locked upward in Castel Sant'Angelo. The series implies that many of the more unsavoury parts of Sixtus' reign were really the work of his evil twin, who was out to proceeds power for himself.
Pope Sixtus is portrayed by Raul Bova in the second season, and John Lynch in the 3rd flavor of the TV serial Medici: Masters of Florence.[25]
See also [edit]
- List of Popes
Notes [edit]
- ^ Lauro Martines, April Blood: Florence and the Plot Confronting the Medici, Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 2003, pp. 150–196.
- ^ "Miranda, Salvador. Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church".
- ^ a b c "Butler, Richard Urban. "Pope Sixtus Four." The Cosmic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912".
- ^ Martines, Apr Blood, p. 159
- ^ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, New York: HarpersSanFrancisco, 1997, pp. 264–265.
- ^ a b c "Sisto IV (1414–1484)", Palazzo-Medici Riccardi Archived 2014-08-x at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "Morris, Roderick Conway. "When Sixtus Four Needed a Painter", New York Times, May 10, 2011".
- ^ On his premature death (1501), Giovanni entrusted his son Francesco Maria to Federico's successor Guidobaldo (Duke of Urbino 1482–1508), who, without an heir, devised the duchy on the boy.
- ^ McBrien, Lives of the Popes, p. 265.
- ^ Havelock Ellis (1906). Studies in the psychology of sexual practice. Davis. Retrieved 2013-06-23 .
- ^ Nigel Cawthorne (1996). "Sexual activity Lives of the Popes". Prion. p. 160.
- ^ Stefano Infessura, Diario Della città di Roma (1303–1494), Ist. St. Italiano, Tip. Forzani, Roma 1890, pp. 155–56
- ^ Egmont Lee, Sixtus 4 and Men of Letters, Rome, 1978
- ^ Giovanni Lydus, Analecta in labrum Nicolai de Clemangiis, De Corrupto Ecclesiae state. In grade a: Nicolas de Clemanges, Opera Omnia, Elzevirius & Laurentius, Lugduni Batavorum 1593, p. 9)
- ^ Ludwig Pastor, History of the Popes [1889], vol. Two, Desclée, Roma 1911, pp. 608–611
- ^ a b Costigan 2010, p. fifteen.
- ^ Kamen 1997, p. 49.
- ^ Raiswell, p. 469; encounter also "Blackness Africans in Renaissance Europe", p. 281
- ^ Traboulay 1994, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Sued-Badillo (2007), see too O'Callaghan, pp. 287–310
- ^ "Slavery and the Catholic Church", John Francis Maxwell, p. 52, Barry Rose Publishers, 1975
- ^ Sten Lindroth. A History of Uppsala University: 1477–1977. Almqvist & Wiksell International (1976)
- ^ "Sede Vacante 1484". 2 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ Perie, The Triple Crown, Jump 1935 p. 26
- ^ Clarke, Stewart (10 August 2017). "Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Bring together Netflix's 'Medici' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety . Retrieved xi August 2017.
References [edit]
- Costigan, Lúcia Helena (2010). Schmidt, Benjamin; Klooster, Wim (eds.). Through Cracks in the Wall: Modern Inquisitions and New Christian "Letrados" in the Iberian Atlantic World. Vol. 19. Brill.
- Kamen, Henry (1997). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Yale Academy Press.
- Vincenzo Pacifici,Un carme biografico di Sisto Iv del 1477, Società Tiburtina di Storia e d'Arte, Tivoli, 1921 [1](in Italian)
- "The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery", Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, ISBN 0-87436-885-v
- "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", Thomas Foster Earle, 1000. J. P. Lowe, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-81582-vii
- "Christopher Columbus and the enslavement of the Amerindians in the Caribbean. (Columbus and the New World Order 1492–1992).", Sued-Badillo, Jalil, Monthly Review. Monthly Review Foundation, Inc. 1992. HighBeam Enquiry. 10 Aug. 2009
- "Castile, Portugal, and the Canary Islands: Claims and Counterclaims, 1344–1479", Joseph F. O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 287–310, Viator, Volume 24
- "Variations of Popery", Samuel Edgar D.D. Internet Archive, Ebooks and Texts.
Further reading [edit]
 | Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Sixtus IV. |
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Texts on Wikisource: - "Pope Sixtus IV" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
- Clark, J. W., On the Vatican Library of Sixtus Iv
- Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of Leonardo della Rovere". Genealogy.EU. [ self-published source ],[ better source needed ] begetter of Francesco della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV
- Roberto Weiss The medals of Pope Sixtus Four (1471–1484) (1961)
martinezthistil1996.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV
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